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EUHR Solana Speech at the Institute for Security Studies of the EU

Summary: EUHR Solana Speech at the Institute for Security Studies of the EU (6 October 2006: Paris)

Annual Conference of the Institute for Security Studies of the European Union, Speech by the European Union High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, Javier SOLANA, Paris

Seul le prononcé fait foi

Mesdames et Messieurs, chers amis,

C'est toujours avec le même plaisir que je vous retrouve à Paris pour notre Conférence annuelle.

Pour débattre de l'état de l'Union, de son nouveau statut d'acteur global, de ses responsabilités, mais aussi de ses contraintes.

Pour discuter de tout cela, il faut partir du monde tel qui est aujourd'hui. Commençons par là si vous le voulez bien.

Vous tous ici présents êtes de vrais experts pour disséquer les évolutions du monde. Pour ma part, vous le savez, je suis un grand voyageur. Avec un passé de physicien certes, mais aussi de Ministre de la Culture.

Alors vous me permettrez, surtout ici à Paris, de citer Albert Camus et une certaine vision du monde qu'il livra dans le discours prononce à Stockholm lorsqu'il reçut le Prix Nobel.

Voici ces lignes : "chaque génération se croit vouée à refaire le monde. La mienne sait pourtant qu'elle ne le refera pas. Mais sa tâche est peut-être plus grande. Elle consiste à empêcher que le monde se défasse."

Comme l'écrivain français, j'appartiens à une génération qui sait que refaire le monde n'est pas aussi facile qu'on le souhaiterait, qui sait que l'on ne transforme le monde ni par les armes, ni par décret.

Une idée ou un concept ne suffit pas non plus. Très simplement parce que les réalités politiques sont toujours plus complexes et plus résistantes que les modèles théoriques. De même qu'une œuvre d'art, ou une caricature…, ne résume pas une civilisation, des élections ne font pas une culture démocratique.

Dès lors plutôt que de vouloir transformer le monde, je crois qu'il est plus important, plus urgent aussi, d'essayer d'empêcher notre monde de se défaire. Et croyez moi, l'Europe s'y emploie. Avec force et conviction.

En considérant qu'il faut d'abord trouver une solution entre Palestiniens et Israéliens. Et ainsi d'éradiquer les discours les plus radicaux et leur traduction terroriste.

En reconnaissant ses droits à l'Iran, mais en trouvant aussi les voies appropriées pour lui rappeler ses obligations les plus élémentaires. Et ainsi de contribuer à la paix et à la sécurité prescrites par la Charte des Nations Unies.

En établissant un dialogue franc avec les pays non-alignés. Et ainsi de mettre un frein à la rupture entre le Nord et le Sud.

En réussissant à convaincre la Chine de s'engager, au Liban par exemple. Et ainsi de préparer le continent asiatique à mieux assumer ses responsabilités au moment où l'un de ses représentants s'apprête à reprendre le flambeau de Kofi Annan.

En acceptant d'écouter le nouvel acteur qu'est devenue l'opinion mondiale. Et ainsi de ne pas rester sourd à ce que d'autres, mieux que moi, ont décrit comme la «respiration du monde».

En empêchant le monde de se défaire davantage.

Par le dialogue - je suis le premier à croire à la force de la diplomatie des mots. Mais aussi par l'action - je suis aussi, vous le savez bien, le premier à défendre l'engagement civil et militaire de l'Union européenne.

Pour agir de cette manière sur l'évolution du système international, comment évolue l'Union européenne ?

Certains continuent de juger l'Union en crise. D'autres déclarent que l'Union a déjà traversé bien des crises.

Permettez-moi, à ce stade de la discussion, de faire deux constats.

Premier constat: l'Europe est de plus en plus sollicitée. Il n'y a plus une crise, plus un problème, pour lesquels on ne se tourne pas vers l'Union européenne. Formidable succès ! Surtout si l'on tient compte des imperfections institutionnelles du système actuel.

Mais cette situation nouvelle n'est pas sans poser un problème : celui des ressources, qui ne sont naturellement pas inépuisables.

En clair, il est maintenant demandé à l'Europe de faire mieux et toujours plus.

Deuxième constat: malgré la contrainte des ressources, l'Europe répond présente. Des Grands Lacs aux Balkans. Du Caucase a l'Asie du Sud-Est.

Comment ? En agissant seule et avec les autres: aujourd'hui, avec les Nations Unies au Liban ou au Congo, avec l'OTAN dans les Balkans, avec l'Union africaine au Darfour; demain par exemple avec la Ligue arabe au Proche-Orient.

C'est cela le multilatéralisme efficace.

Permettez-moi ici de saisir l'occasion pour formuler une recommandation.

Il est évident qu'il est plus compliqué de décider et d'agir à 25: on ne peut pas attendre de 25 Etats, avec leur histoire et leur géographie respectives, de réagir comme un seul homme lorsque survient une nouvelle crise internationale.

Faut-il dans ce cas décider d'agir à quelques uns ? Oui, résolument j'en suis convaincu. Faut-il pour cela s'affranchir du cadre commun offert par l'Union européenne ? Non, je ne le pense pas.

Depuis l'origine, notre Union procède de la volonté de créer les mécanismes d'intégration les plus utiles possible pour les Etats et les citoyens.

Mais ces mécanismes d'intégration ne sont efficaces que si trois conditions sont remplies :

- que ces mécanismes soient basés sur de véritables solidarités;

- qu'ils permettent à ceux qui le souhaitent de développer ces mêmes solidarités;

- et enfin qu'ils permettent aux autres de rejoindre, lorsqu'ils le souhaitent, l'entreprise des premiers.

Pour l'avenir, lorsqu'il y aura une nécessité ou une utilité d'agir à quelques uns quelque part dans le monde, il faudra l'assumer : que ceux qui le peuvent, agissent, en laissant aux autres, lorsqu'ils le souhaitent, la possibilité de joindre leurs propres efforts.

Ainsi l'Union des 25 Etats sera-t-elle en mesure de peser comme il se doit sur l'évolution du monde.

L'absence de Constitution européenne signifie-t-elle l'échec de cette ambition ? Je ne le crois pas.

Tout simplement parce que déjà aujourd'hui l'Union a les moyens d'agir.

Faut-il pousser plus loin l'intégration ? Oui bien sûr ! Pour justement la rendre plus efficace. Pour justement permettre aux Etats, dans le cadre européen commun, de mieux agir. Quand ils le peuvent. Là où il le faut dans le monde.

Et c'est à la Présidence allemande, l'année prochaine, pour le cinquantième anniversaire du Traité de Rome, et deux années seulement après les referendum en France et aux Pays-Bas, qu'il reviendra de poser les jalons de la relance. Nul doute qu'elle y parviendra. Je suis confiant. Le bilan de l'année écoulée incite en effet à l'optimisme.

Dear friends,

There is no need to tell this audience what we have been doing during the past 12 months. So no tour d'horizon. Let me just highlight three issues where our collective effort has made a difference.

The first is Iran.

For four months now I have been maintaining a dialogue with the Iranian authorities on the Iranian nuclear program.

The process started in early June when I travelled to Tehran to submit a proposal made by the five permanent members of the Security Council plus Germany. No need to highlight the importance for the EU that China, Russia and the United States tasked me with that mission.

The aim of the dialogue was clear: clarify whether a negotiation between these six countries and Iran could start on the basis of the proposal submitted.

Where are we now? We have negotiated endless hours. It has been my top priority because I'm convinced that this is a crucial subject for international security. With my Iranian counterpart, we have reached common ground in quite a number of subjects. But we haven't agreed in what is a key point: suspension. As today, Iran has made no commitment to suspend.

The dialogue could not last forever. Now it is up to the six countries to decide whether time has come to follow the second track: referring the case to the UNSC. But the door to negotiations is always opened.

Indeed allow me some final comments. I'm convinced that the Iranian dossier can only be solved, and will be solved, through negotiations. We have the right framework and the right broad basis for that.

Iran may develop a civilian nuclear program, as many other countries in the world. But Iran will do it better and more efficiently if it is done in cooperation with us. From a political and technological point of view both sides have a lot to win. They, and we, know that.

Solving the problems posed by the Iranian nuclear program will mark a breakthrough in nonproliferation

Iran is an old nation. A key player, and a potential partner in regional and world affairs. The nuclear issue is just an element, even if it is a key one, of a much broader relationship.

We want to cooperate with Iran in other subjects, not least the Middle East.

Lebanon now. Lebanon is another example of where Europe has heeded the call for action.

From the beginning, we have been united and steadfast in our approach : toward the Hezbollah's actions and the kidnapping of the Israeli soldiers; in our support for the Lebanese government and our solidarity with the Lebanese people, in our efforts in New York and elsewhere to bring about an end to the violence; in our firm belief that only a broader political effort can address the underlying causes for the conflict; and most of all in our willingness to provide the backbone of the reinforced UNIFIL.

I have spent the greatest part of the summer working on this crisis. I was in Lebanon and Israel just four days after the start of the violence. And I was back in August when the UNSC adopted Resolution 1701.

Expectations on Europe were very high - in the region, but also from our publics. I believe we are delivering. Let me be clear : without Europe yesterday, no expanded UNIFIL and without UNIFIL no hope for a more lasting peace; without Europe tomorrow supporting the Lebanese government, no hope for a genuine sovereignty.

Our actions on Lebanon have enhanced our regional standing. The time has come for a new push on the issue that lies at the heart of broader Middle East crisis: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The pieces of the Middle East are in flux.

In Palestine national unity efforts are not leading unfortunately to positive results at this stage. The Israelis are debating the lessons of the latest conflict, including on the effectiveness of unilateral disengagements.

But there is a consensus on the need for a two-state solution. That is positive but not enough.

Indeed as far as the Road Map is concerned, neither party has seriously tried to implement its central obligations under the Road Map's first phase.

Against this background we still have to flesh out the concept and stress the need for the Palestinian state to be viable. This means talking about borders. The 1967 borders, with some negotiated amendments, should provide the way out.

Israelis and Palestinians need to start talking again directly. We also need a strong, more operational role for the Quartet. And we will deliver on it. And yes, at some point, we need an international conference, bringing all the players together.

I hope that we can get movement on this issue. Of course, this will be difficult. But it is imperative to try.

Thirdly, let me mention Africa, and Congo specially.

Indeed, Congo is another example of recent European engagement that has made a difference on the ground. As you know, the first round of Presidential elections took place at the end of July. They are a central part of the transition in this country that has been traumatised by war.

The elections themselves were a success. But there were violent incidents immediately afterwards during this summer also.

Tensions were rising. European troops together with UN forces stepped in quickly. We also passed clear political messages to the parties, in public and private. Calm has since been restored. And even if the situation remains fragile, the political process remains on track.

These three examples illustrate the conclusions I draw earlier. First, the call for Europe to act is there, every day. Second, we are responding, as Europeans, in a credible way. Diplomatically and with people on the ground.

In the months ahead we will have a lot of work to do. If we pull together, we can get great results.

That, more than any paper or meeting, will convince our citizens - and the rest of world.

Dear friends,

Let me conclude with some words on the relationship between identity and foreign policy.

Some say foreign policy is essentially about the defence of your material and security interests around the world. Others say that to explain how countries behave, you just need to look at their place within the structure of the international system.

There is truth in both points. First, we do have European interests to defend. Other countries defend theirs as well, so there is no need to be apologetic about this.

And second, given the power distribution of the world today, Europeans can only make an impact if they group together.

But this is not the whole story. These 'realist' and 'structuralist' accounts miss out on one crucial factor.
And that is the impact of identity on foreign policy.

For what you do on the international stage is surely also a function of your identity. Of how you define yourself and the values you seek to promote abroad.

True, discussions on European identity sometimes degenerate into platitudes. But don't forget that in 2003 we adopted the very first European Security Strategy.

I believe there is a core set of values, convictions and experiences that together form a composite European identity.

And there are, by now, enough elements of a European model on how we organise our societies and interact with the wider world. We all feel it when we travel around the world.

What are the elements? I would say compassion with those who suffer; peace and reconciliation through integration; a strong attachment to human rights, democracy and the rule of law; a spirit of compromise, plus a commitment to promote in a pragmatic way rules-based international system.

But also a sense that history and culture are central to how the world works and therefore how we should engage with it.

When Americans say 'that is history', they often mean it is no longer relevant. When Europeans say 'that is history', they usually mean the opposite.

Once again, these elements are not unique to Europe. And I don't want us to define ourselves negatively, against 'the other'.

But we probably do feel more strongly about these values than others. And certainly about the need to defend them as a legacy for future generations. Europe as a responsible power.

I believe the relationship between identity and foreign policy works in both directions. Foreign policy is a way to express your identity. But acting together on the world stage is also a way to progressively shape and enhance a common identity.

Identities are not static. They change with different experiences. So the more we act together; the more we have shared successes and the occasional failure; the more our reflexes will converge; the more this idea of a European identity will firm up and become less elusive.

It is well-known that, whenever asked, people across Europe insist on a stronger European role in the world.

I am convinced that they do so not just to promote our material interests or because we risk being squashed by big powers of today or of tomorrow. It is also to defend 'a certain idea of Europe' in a more fragmented world.

When I said Europe should halt a world tearing itself apart, I am not advocating a sentimental or conservative attachment to the status quo. We all know that the world is changing in many profound and multi-faceted ways.

The rise of China, India, Brazil and others; the role of 24 hour media, the come-back of identity politics; the new salience of energy questions and migration.

We have to understand these changes. Not to deny them but to manage them. Not to resist economic and political globalisation but negotiate its terms. Through its actions, the Union has to be able to respond to and channel these changes in a direction that serves our ideals and interests.

That is Europe's calling. Europe should have the strength to accept the things which cannot be changed; the courage to change things which must be changed; but also the wisdom to distinguish one from the other.

Thank you very much.

  • Ref: SP06-307EN
  • EU source: Council
  • UN forum: 
  • Date: 6/10/2006


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European Union Member States